Skip to main content

References

  1. Chui J, Di Girolamo N, Wakefield D, et al. The pathogenesis of pterygium: current concepts and their therapeutic implications. Ocul Surf2008; 6: 24–43. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Di Girolamo N, Chui J, Coroneo MT, et al. Pathogenesis of pterygia: role of cytokines, growth factors, and matrix metalloproteinases. Prog Retin Eye Res2004; 23: 195–228. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Luthra R, Nemesure BB, Wu SY, et al. Frequency and risk factors for pterygium in the Barbados Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol2001; 119: 1827–1832. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Cajucom-Uy H, Tong L, Wong TY, et al. The prevalence of and risk factors for pterygium in an urban Malay population: the Singapore Malay Eye Study (SiMES). Br J Ophthalmol2010; 94: 977–981. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. West S, Muñoz B. Prevalence of pterygium in Latinos: Proyecto VER. Br J Ophthalmol2009; 93: 1287–1290. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Fotouhi A, Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of pterygium and pinguecula: the Tehran Eye Study. Eye2009; 23: 1125–1129. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Ma K, Xu L, Jie Y, et al. Prevalence of and factors associated with pterygium in adult Chinese: the Beijing Eye Study. Cornea2007; 26: 1184–1186. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Liu L, Wu J, Geng J, et al. Geographical prevalence and risk factors for pterygium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open2013; 3: e003787. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Wu K, He M, Xu J, et al. Pterygium in aged population in Doumen County, China. Yan Ke Xue Bao2002; 18: 181–184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Tan CS, Lim TH, Koh WP, et al. Epidemiology of pterygium on a tropical island in the Riau Archipelago. Eye2006; 20: 908–912. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. McCarty CA, Fu CL, Taylor HR. Epidemiology of pterygium in Victoria, Australia. Br J Ophthalmol2000; 84: 289–292. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Viso E, Gude F, Rodríguez-Ares MT. Prevalence of pinguecula and pterygium in a general population in Spain. Eye2011; 25: 350–357. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Coroneo MT. Pterygium as an early indicator of ultraviolet insolation: a hypothesis. Br J Ophthalmol1993; 77: 734–739. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Mackenzie FD, Hirst LW, Battistutta D, et al. Risk analysis in the development of pterygia. Ophthalmology1992; 99: 1056–1061. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Fuchs E. Ueber das pterygium. Graefes Arch Ophthalmol1892; 38: 1–90. [Google Scholar]
  16. Chui J, Coroneo MT, Tat LT, et al. Ophthalmic pterygium: a stem cell disorder with premalignant features. Am J Pathol2011; 178: 817–827. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Dushku N, John MK, Schultz GS, et al. Pterygia pathogenesis: corneal invasion by matrix metalloproteinase expressing altered limbal epithelial basal cells. Arch Ophthalmol2001; 119: 695–706. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Dushku N, Reid TW. Immunohistochemical evidence that human pterygia originate from an invasion of vimentin-expressing altered limbal epithelial basal cells. Curr Eye Res1994; 13: 473–481. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Coroneo MT, Di Girolamo N, Wakefield D. The pathogenesis of pterygia. Curr Opin Ophthalmol1999; 10: 282–288. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bai H, Teng Y, Wong L, et al. Proliferative and migratory aptitude in pterygium. Histochem Cell Biol2010; 134: 527–535. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Gaton D, Reznick L, Cunitzezki M, et al. [Goblet cell distribution and epithelial cell morphology in pterygium]. Harefuah2006; 145: 199–201, 245–246. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Reda AM, Shaaban YMM, Saad El-Din SA. Histopathological parameters in pterygia and significant clinical correlations. J Ophthalmic Vis Res2018; 13: 110–118. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Chan CM, Liu YP, Tan DT. Ocular surface changes in pterygium. Cornea2002; 21: 38–42. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Tseng SC. Staging of conjunctival squamous metaplasia by impression cytology. Ophthalmology1985; 92: 728–733. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Ishioka M, Shimmura S, Yagi Y, et al. Pterygium and dry eye. Ophthalmologica2001; 215: 209–211. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Rajiv Mithal S, Sood AK. Pterygium and dry eye—a clinical correlation. Indian J Ophthalmol1991; 39: 15–16. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. English FP, Yates WH, Kirkwood R, et al. The conjunctival goblet cell in pterygium formation. Aust J Ophthalmol1980; 8: 53–54. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Nassar M, El-Sebaey A-R, Abdel-Rahman M, et al. Clinical, pathological, and molecular aspects of recurrent versus primary pterygium. Menoufia Med J2014; 27: 386–394. [Google Scholar]
  29. Safi H, Kheirkhah A, Mahbod M, et al. Correlations between histopathologic changes and clinical features in pterygia. J Ophthalmic Vis Res2016; 11: 153–158. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Moran DJ, Hollows FC. Pterygium and ultraviolet radiation: a positive correlation. Br J Ophthalmol1984; 68: 343–346. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Taylor HR, West SK, Rosenthal FS, et al. Corneal changes associated with chronic UV irradiation. Arch Ophthalmol1989; 107: 1481–1484. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Gallagher MJ, Giannoudis A, Herrington CS, et al. Human papillomavirus in pterygium. Br J Ophthalmol2001; 85: 782–784. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Chalkia AK, Spandidos DA, Detorakis ET. Viral involvement in the pathogenesis and clinical features of ophthalmic pterygium (Review). Int J Mol Med2013; 32: 539–543. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Anguria P, Kitinya J, Ntuli S, et al. The role of heredity in pterygium development. Int J Ophthalmol2014; 7: 563–573. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Pinkerton OD, Hokama Y, Shigemura LA. Immunologic basis for the pathogenesis of pterygium. Am J Ophthalmol1984; 98: 225–228. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Hill JC, Maske R. Pathogenesis of pterygium. Eye1989; 3: 218–226. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Nubile M, Curcio C, Lanzini M, et al. Expression of CREB in primary pterygium and correlation with Cyclin D1, ki-67, MMP7, p53, p63, survivin and vimentin. Ophthalmic Res2013; 50: 99–107. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Tong L, Li J, Chew J, et al. Phospholipase D in the human ocular surface and in pterygium. Cornea2008; 27: 693–698. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Peng M-L, Tsai Y-Y, Chiang C-C, et al. CYP1A1 protein activity is associated with allelic variation in pterygium tissues and cells. Mol Vis2012; 18: 1937–1943. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Ortak H, Cayli S, Ocakli S, et al. Increased expression of aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-3 in pterygium. Cornea2013; 32: 1375–1379. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Threlfall TJ, English DR. Sun exposure and pterygium of the eye: a dose-response curve. Am J Ophthalmol1999; 128: 280–287. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Zhou WP, Zhu YF, Zhang B, et al. The role of ultraviolet radiation in the pathogenesis of pterygia (Review). Mol Med Rep2016; 14: 3–15. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Di Girolamo N, Kumar RK, Coroneo MT, et al. UVB-mediated induction of interleukin-6 and -8 in pterygia and cultured human pterygium epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci2002; 43: 3430–3437. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Coroneo MT. Albedo concentration in the anterior eye: a phenomenon that locates some solar diseases. Ophthalmic Surg1990; 21: 60–66. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Bachelor MA, Bowden GT. UVA-mediated activation of signaling pathways involved in skin tumor promotion and progression. Semin Cancer Biol2004; 14: 131–138. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Chao SC, Hu DN, Yang PY, et al. Ultraviolet-A irradiation upregulated urokinase-type plasminogen activator in pterygium fibroblasts through ERK and JNK pathways. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci2013; 54: 999–1007. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Nemesure B, Wu SY, Hennis A, et al. Nine-year incidence and risk factors for pterygium in the barbados eye studies. Ophthalmology2008; 115: 2153–2158. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Gaton DD, Lichter H, Avisar I, et al. Lymphocytic reaction to ultraviolet radiation on rabbit conjunctiva. Ann Ophthalmol2007; 39: 128–133. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Anguria P, Carmichael T, Ntuli S, et al. Chronic inflammatory cells and damaged limbal cells in pterygium. Afr Health Sci2013; 13: 725–730. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Chen PP, Ariyasu RG, Kaza V, et al. A randomized trial comparing mitomycin C and conjunctival autograft after excision of primary pterygium. Am J Ophthalmol1995; 120: 151–160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Dushku N, Reid TW. P53 expression in altered limbal basal cells of pingueculae, pterygia, and limbal tumors. Curr Eye Res1997; 16: 1179–1192. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Reid T, Dushku N. Pterygia and limbal epithelial cells: relationship and molecular mechanisms. Prog Retin Eye Res1996; 15: 297-329. [Google Scholar]
  53. Tsai YY, Cheng YW, Lee H, et al. P53 gene mutation spectrum and the relationship between gene mutation and protein levels in pterygium. Mol Vis2005; 11: 50–55. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Shimmura S, Ishioka M, Hanada K, et al. Telomerase activity and p53 expression in pterygia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci2000; 41: 1364–1369. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Cooper SJ, Bowden GT. Ultraviolet B regulation of transcription factor families: roles of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) in UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis. Curr Cancer Drug Targets2007; 7: 325–334. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Cameron ME. Histology of pterygium: an electron microscopic study. Br J Ophthalmol1983; 67: 604–608. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Chen JK, Tsai RJ, Lin SS. Fibroblasts isolated from human pterygia exhibit transformed cell characteristics. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim1994; 30A: 243–248. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Lemercier G, Cornand G, Burckhart MF. [Pinguecula and pterygium: histologic and electron microscopic study (author’s transl)]. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol1978; 379: 321–333. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Ye J, Song YS, Kang SH, et al. Involvement of bone marrow-derived stem and progenitor cells in the pathogenesis of pterygium. Eye2004; 18: 839–843. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Kato N, Shimmura S, Kawakita T, et al. Beta-catenin activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the pathogenesis of pterygium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci2007; 48: 1511–1517. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Kria L, Ohira A, Amemiya T. Immunohistochemical localization of basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet derived growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the pterygium. Acta Histochem1996; 98: 195–201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Romano V, Steger B, Kovacova A, et al. Further evidence for heredity of pterygium. Ophthalmic Genet2016; 37: 434–436. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Anguria P, Ntuli S, Carmichael T. Relationships of heredity and dry eye with pterygia in Black African patients. S Afr Med J2011; 101: 110. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Anguria P, Ntuli S, Interewicz B, et al. Traditional eye medication and pterygium occurrence in Limpopo province. S Afr Med J2012; 102: 687–690. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Bradley JC, Yang W, Bradley RH, et al. The science of pterygia. Br J Ophthalmol2010; 94: 815–820. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Hecht F, Shoptaugh MG. Winglets of the eye: dominant transmission of early adult pterygium of the conjunctiva. J Med Genet1990; 27: 392–394. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Zhang JD. An investigation of aetiology and heredity of pterygium. Report of 11 cases in a family. Acta Ophthalmol1987; 65: 413–416. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Carmichael TR. Genetic factors in pterygium in South Africans. S Afr Med J2001; 91: 322. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Hou A, Voorhoeve PM, Lan W, et al. Comparison of gene expression profiles in primary and immortalized human pterygium fibroblast cells. Exp Cell Res2013; 319: 2781–2789. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. John-Aryankalayil M, Dushku N, Jaworski CJ, et al. Microarray and protein analysis of human pterygium. Mol Vis2006; 12: 55–64. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Peng ML, Tsai YY, Tung JN, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphism and protein expression in the pathogenesis of pterygium. Br J Ophthalmol2014; 98: 556–561. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Dynoodt P, Speeckaert R, De Wever O, et al. miR-145 overexpression suppresses the migration and invasion of metastatic melanoma cells. Int J Oncol2013; 42: 1443–1451. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Engelsvold DH, Utheim TP, Olstad OK, et al. miRNA and mRNA expression profiling identifies members of the miR-200 family as potential regulators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pterygium. Exp Eye Res2013; 115: 189–198. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Chien KH, Chen SJ, Liu JH, et al. Correlation of microRNA-145 levels and clinical severity of pterygia. Ocul Surf2013; 11: 133–138. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Yue X-L, Gao Z-Q. Identification of pathogenic genes of pterygium based on the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Int J Ophthalmol2019; 12: 529–535. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Detorakis ET, Drakonaki EE, Spandidos DA. Molecular genetic alterations and viral presence in ophthalmic pterygium. Int J Mol Med2000; 6: 35–41. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Chong PP, Tung CH, Rahman NA, et al. Prevalence and viral load of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) in pterygia in multi-ethnic patients in the Malay Peninsula. Acta Ophthalmol2014; 92: e569–e579. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Tsai Y-Y, Chang C-C, Chiang C-C, et al. HPV infection and p53 inactivation in pterygium. Mol Vis2009; 15: 1092–1097. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Di Girolamo N. Association of human papilloma virus with pterygia and ocular-surface squamous neoplasia. Eye2012; 26: 202–211. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Hamed-Azzam S, Edison N, Briscoe D, et al. Identification of human papillomavirus in pterygium. Acta Ophthalmol2016; 94: e195–e197. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Detorakis ET, Sourvinos G, Spandidos DA. Detection of herpes simplex virus and human papilloma virus in ophthalmic pterygium. Cornea2001; 20: 164–167. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Spandidos D, Xinarianos G, Ergazaki M, et al. The presence of herpesviruses in pterygium. Int J Oncol1994; 5: 749–752. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Chen YF, Hsiao CH, Ngan KW, et al. Herpes simplex virus and pterygium in Taiwan. Cornea2008; 27: 311–313. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Otlu B, Emre S, Turkcuoglu P, et al. Investigation of human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus DNAs in pterygium tissue. Eur J Ophthalmol2009; 19: 175–179. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Seet LF, Tong L, Su R, et al. Involvement of SPARC and MMP-3 in the pathogenesis of human pterygium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci2012; 53: 587–595. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Esquenazi S, Fry CL, Holley E. Treatment of biopsy proved conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia with topical interferon alfa-2b. Br J Ophthalmol2005; 89: 1221–1221. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Kieval JZ, Karp CL, Abou Shousha M, et al. Ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography for differentiation of ocular surface squamous neoplasia and pterygia. Ophthalmology2012; 119: 481–486. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Tan DT, Chee SP, Dear KB, et al. Effect of pterygium morphology on pterygium recurrence in a controlled trial comparing conjunctival autografting with bare sclera excision. Arch Ophthalmol1997; 115: 1235–1240. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Maheshwari S. Pterygium-induced corneal refractive changes. Indian J Ophthalmol2007; 55: 383–386. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Prabhasawat P, Barton K, Burkett G, et al. Comparison of conjunctival autografts, amniotic membrane grafts, and primary closure for pterygium excision. Ophthalmology1997; 104: 974–985. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Liu J, Fu Y, Xu Y, et al. New grading system to improve the surgical outcome of multirecurrent pterygia. Arch Ophthalmol2012; 130: 39–49. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Johnston SC, Williams PB, Sheppard JD., Jr. A comprehensive system for pterygium classification. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci2004; 45: 2940. [Google Scholar]
  93. Han SB, Jeon HS, Kim M, et al. Quantification of astigmatism induced by pterygium using automated image analysis. Cornea2016; 35: 370–376. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Minami K, Miyata K, Otani A, et al. Detection of increase in corneal irregularity due to pterygium using Fourier series harmonic analyses with multiple diameters. Jpn J Ophthalmol2018; 62: 342–348. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Tomidokoro A, Miyata K, Sakaguchi Y, et al. Effects of pterygium on corneal spherical power and astigmatism. Ophthalmology2000; 107: 1568–1571. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Oldenburg JB, Garbus J, McDonnell JM, et al. Conjunctival pterygia. Mechanism of corneal topographic changes. Cornea1990; 9: 200–204. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Bahar I, Loya N, Weinberger D, et al. Effect of pterygium surgery on corneal topography: a prospective study. Cornea2004; 23: 113–117. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Errais K, Bouden J, Mili-Boussen I, et al. Effect of pterygium surgery on corneal topography. Eur J Ophthalmol2008; 18: 177–181. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Wu PL, Kuo CN, Hsu HL, et al. Effect of pterygium surgery on refractive spherocylinder power and corneal topography. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging2009; 40: 32–37. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Lin A, Stern G. Correlation between pterygium size and induced corneal astigmatism. Cornea1998; 17: 28–30. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Tomidokoro A, Oshika T, Amano S, et al. Quantitative analysis of regular and irregular astigmatism induced by pterygium. Cornea1999; 18: 412–415. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Yagmur M, Ozcan AA, Sari S, et al. Visual acuity and corneal topographic changes related with pterygium surgery. J Refract Surg2005; 2121: 166–170. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Hochbaum DR, Moskowitz SE, Wirtschafter JD. A quantitative analysis of astigmatism induced by pterygium. J Biomech1977; 10: 735–746. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Oner FH, Kaderli B, Durak I, et al. Analysis of the pterygium size inducing marked refractive astigmatism. Eur J Ophthalmol2000; 10: 212–214. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Mohammad-Salih PA, Sharif AF. Analysis of pterygium size and induced corneal astigmatism. Cornea2008; 27: 434–438. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Miyata K, Minami K, Otani A, et al. Proposal for a novel severity grading system for pterygia based on corneal topographic data. Cornea2017; 36: 834–840. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Minami K, Tokunaga T, Okamoto K, et al. Influence of pterygium size on corneal higher-order aberration evaluated using anterior-segment optical coherence tomography. BMC Ophthalmol2018; 18: 166. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Pesudovs K, Figueiredo FC. Corneal first surface wavefront aberrations before and after pterygium surgery. J Refract Surg2006; 22: 921–925. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Basti S, Macsai MS. Ocular surface squamous neoplasia: a review. Cornea2003; 22: 687–704. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Zoroquiain P, Jabbour S, Aldrees S, et al. High frequency of squamous intraepithelial neoplasia in pterygium related to low ultraviolet light exposure. Saudi J Ophthalmol2016; 30: 113–116. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Panchapakesan J, Hourihan F, Mitchell P. Prevalence of pterygium and pinguecula: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol1998; 26: S2–S5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Hirst LW, Axelsen RA, Schwab I. Pterygium and associated ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Arch Ophthalmol2009; 127: 31–32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Oellers P, Karp CL, Sheth A, et al. Prevalence, treatment, and outcomes of coexistent ocular surface squamous neoplasia and pterygium. Ophthalmology2013; 120: 445–450. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Yeung SN, Kim P, Lichtinger A, et al. Incidence of ocular surface squamous neoplasia in pterygium specimens: an 8-year survey. Br J Ophthalmol2011; 95: 592. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Kao AA, Galor A, Karp CL, et al. Clinicopathologic correlation of ocular surface squamous neoplasms at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute: 2001 to 2010. Ophthalmology2012; 119: 1773–1776. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Yousef YA, Finger PT. Squamous carcinoma and dysplasia of the conjunctiva and cornea: an analysis of 101 cases. Ophthalmology2012; 119: 233–240. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Hirst LW. The treatment of pterygium. Surv Ophthalmol2003; 48: 145–180. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Ha SW, Park JH, Shin IH, et al. Clinical analysis of risk factors contributing to recurrence of pterygium after excision and graft surgery. Int J Ophthalmol2015; 8: 522–527. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Aidenloo NS, Motarjemizadeh Q, Heidarpanah M. Risk factors for pterygium recurrence after limbal-conjunctival autografting: a retrospective, single-centre investigation. Jpn J Ophthalmol2018; 62: 349–356. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Yin D, Lee OL. Risk factors for pterygium recurrence after primary excision. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci2011; 52: 3367. [Google Scholar]
  121. Rohrbach IM, Starc S, Knorr M. [Predicting recurrent pterygium based on morphologic and immunohistologic parameters]. Ophthalmologe1995; 92: 463–468. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Kim KW, Kim JC. Current approaches and future directions in the management of pterygium. Int J Ophthalmol2018; 11: 709–711. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Hong HS, Lee J, Lee E, et al. A new role of substance P as an injury-inducible messenger for mobilization of CD29(+) stromal-like cells. Nat Med2009; 15: 425–435. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. D’Ombrain A. The surgical treatment of pterygium. Br J Ophthalmol1948; 32: 65–71. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Sabater-Cruz N, Dotti-Boada M, Rios J, et al. Postoperative treatment compliance rate and complications with two different protocols after pterygium excision and conjunctival autografting. Eur J Ophthalmol. Epub ahead of print 27 April 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1120672120917335. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  126. Kaufman SC, Jacobs DS, Lee WB, et al. Options and adjuvants in surgery for pterygium: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology2013; 120: 201–208. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Sánchez-Thorin JC, Rocha G, Yelin JB. Meta-analysis on the recurrence rates after bare sclera resection with and without mitomycin C use and conjunctival autograft placement in surgery for primary pterygium. Br J Ophthalmol1998; 82: 661–665. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Kirwan JF, Constable PH, Murdoch IE, et al. Beta irradiation: new uses for an old treatment: a review. Eye2003; 17: 207–215. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Hovanesian JA, Starr CE, Vroman DT, et al. Surgical techniques and adjuvants for the management of primary and recurrent pterygia. J Cataract Refract Surg2017; 43: 405–419. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Ngoy D, Kayembe L. [A comparative study of thio-tepa and mitomycin C in the treatment of pterygium. Preliminary results]. J Fr Ophtalmol1998; 21: 96–102. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Tassy A, Ribe D. [Thiotepa eyedrops for prevention of pterygium recurrence: 18 years of use]. J Fr Ophtalmol1999; 22: 215–219. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Valezi VG, Schellini SA, Viveiros MM, et al. [Safety and efficacy of intraoperative 5-fluorouracil infiltration in pterygium treatment]. Arq Bras Oftalmol2009; 72: 169–173. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Frucht-Pery J, Ilsar M, Hemo I. Single dosage of mitomycin C for prevention of recurrent pterygium: preliminary report. Cornea1994; 13: 411–413. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Cano-Parra J, Diaz-Llopis M, Maldonado MJ, et al. Prospective trial of intraoperative mitomycin C in the treatment of primary pterygium. Br J Ophthalmol1995; 79: 439–441. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Yanyali AC, Talu H, Alp BN, et al. Intraoperative mitomycin C in the treatment of pterygium. Cornea2000; 19: 471–473. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Lam DS, Wong AK, Fan DS, et al. Intraoperative mitomycin C to prevent recurrence of pterygium after excision: a 30-month follow-up study. Ophthalmology1998; 105: 901–904; discussion 904–905. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Calişkan S, Orhan M, Irkeç M. Intraoperative and postoperative use of mitomycin-C in the treatment of primary pterygium. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers1996; 27: 600–604. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Mahar PS, Nwokora GE. Role of mitomycin C in pterygium surgery. Br J Ophthalmol1993; 77: 433–435. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Manning CA, Kloess PM, Diaz MD, et al. Intraoperative mitomycin in primary pterygium excision. A prospective, randomized trial. Ophthalmology1997; 104: 844–848. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Helal M, Messiha N, Amayem A, et al. Intraoperative mitomycin-C versus postoperative topical mitomycin-C drops for the treatment of pterygium. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers1996; 27: 674–678. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Hosal BM, Gürsel E. Mitomycin-C for prevention of recurrent pterygium. Ann Ophthalmol2000; 32: 107–109. [Google Scholar]
  142. Oguz H, Basar E, Gurler B. Intraoperative application versus postoperative mitomycin C eye drops in pterygium surgery. Acta Ophthalmol Scand1999; 77: 147–150. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Donnenfeld ED, Perry HD, Fromer S, et al. Subconjunctival mitomycin C as adjunctive therapy before pterygium excision. Ophthalmology2003; 110: 1012–1016. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Zaky KS, Khalifa YM. Efficacy of preoperative injection versus intraoperative application of mitomycin in recurrent pterygium surgery. Indian J Ophthalmol2012; 60: 273–276. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Shenasi A, Mousavi F, Shoa-Ahari S, et al. Subconjunctival bevacizumab immediately after excision of primary pterygium: the first clinical trial. Cornea2011; 30: 1219–1222. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Kasetsuwan N, Reinprayoon U, Satitpitakul V. Prevention of recurrent pterygium with topical bevacizumab 0.05% eye drops: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Ther2015; 37: 2347–2351. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Hwang S, Choi S. A comparative study of topical mitomycin C, cyclosporine, and bevacizumab after primary pterygium surgery. Korean J Ophthalmol2015; 29: 375–381. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Motarjemizadeh Q, Aidenloo NS, Sepehri S. A comparative study of different concentrations of topical bevacizumab on the recurrence rate of excised primary pterygium: a short-term follow-up study. Int Ophthalmol2016; 36: 63–71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Yalcin Tok O, Burcu Nurozler A, Ergun G, et al. Topical cyclosporine A in the prevention of pterygium recurrence. Ophthalmologica2008; 222: 391–396. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Ren YL, Wang C, Lin Y, et al. Study on topical cyclosporine A in the prevention of pterygium recurrence. Int J Ophthalmol2009; 9: 2240–2241. [Google Scholar]
  151. Turan-Vural E, Torun-Acar B, Kivanc SA, et al. The effect of topical 0.05% cyclosporine on recurrence following pterygium surgery. Clin Ophthalmol2011; 5: 881–885. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Kenyon KR, Wagoner MD, Hettinger ME. Conjunctival autograft transplantation for advanced and recurrent pterygium. Ophthalmology1985; 92: 1461–1470. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Fuest M, Liu YC, Yam GHF, et al. Femtosecond laser-assisted conjunctival autograft preparation for pterygium surgery. Ocul Surf2017; 15: 211–217. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Kilic A, Gurler B. The efficiency of limbal conjunctival autografting in pterygium surgery. Eur J Ophthalmol2006; 16: 365–370. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Ozer A, Yildirim N, Erol N, et al. Long-term results of bare sclera, limbal-conjunctival autograft and amniotic membrane graft techniques in primary pterygium excisions. Ophthalmologica2009; 223: 269–273. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Biswas MC, Shaw C, Mandal R, et al. Treatment of pterygium with conjunctival limbal autograft and mitomycin C–a comparative study. J Indian Med Assoc2007; 105: 200, 202, 204. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Keklikci U, Celik Y, Cakmak SS, et al. Conjunctival-limbal autograft, amniotic membrane transplantation, and intraoperative mitomycin C for primary pterygium. Ann Ophthalmol2007; 39: 296–301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Paracha Q, Ayoob M, Dawood Z, et al. Recurrence rate with use of intraoperative mitomycin C versus conjunctival autograft following pterygium excision. Pak J Med Sci2014; 30: 1243–1246. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Sharma A, Gupta A, Ram J, et al. Low-dose intraoperative mitomycin-C versus conjunctival autograft in primary pterygium surgery: long term follow-up. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers2000; 31: 301–307. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Koranyi G, Artzén D, Seregard S, et al. Intraoperative mitomycin C versus autologous conjunctival autograft in surgery of primary pterygium with four-year follow-up. Acta Ophthalmol2012; 90: 266–270. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Koranyi G, Seregard S, Kopp ED. The cut-and-paste method for primary pterygium surgery: long-term follow-up. Acta Ophthalmol Scand2005; 83: 298–301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Fernandes M, Sangwan VS, Bansal AK, et al. Outcome of pterygium surgery: analysis over 14 years. Eye2005; 19: 1182–1190. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Ma DH, See LC, Liau SB, et al. Amniotic membrane graft for primary pterygium: comparison with conjunctival autograft and topical mitomycin C treatment. Br J Ophthalmol2000; 84: 973–978. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Al Fayez MF. Limbal versus conjunctival autograft transplantation for advanced and recurrent pterygium. Ophthalmology2002; 109: 1752–1755. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Bilge AD. Comparison of conjunctival autograft and conjunctival transposition flap techniques in primary pterygium surgery. Saudi J Ophthalmol2018; 32: 110–113. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Clearfield E, Muthappan V, Wang X, et al. Conjunctival autograft for pterygium. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2016; 2: CD011349. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Cardillo JA, Alves MR, Ambrosio LE, et al. Single intraoperative application versus postoperative mitomycin C eye drops in pterygium surgery. Ophthalmology1995; 102: 1949–1952. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Frucht-Pery J, Raiskup F, Ilsar M, et al. Conjunctival autografting combined with low-dose mitomycin C for prevention of primary pterygium recurrence. Am J Ophthalmol2006; 141: 1044–1050. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Mahar PS, Manzar N. Pterygium recurrence related to its size and corneal involvement. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak2013; 23: 120–123. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Thakur SK, Khaini KR, Panda A. Role of low dose mitomycin C in pterygium surgery. Nepal J Ophthalmol2012; 4: 203–205. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Martins TGDS, Costa ALFdA, Alves MR, et al. Mitomycin C in pterygium treatment. Int J Ophthalmol2016; 9: 465–468. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Janson BJ, Sikder S. Surgical management of pterygium. Ocul Surf2014; 12: 112–119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Cohen RA, McDonald MB. Fixation of conjunctival autografts with an organic tissue adhesive. Arch Ophthalmol1993; 111: 1167–1168. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Koranyi G, Seregard S, Kopp ED. Cut and paste: a no suture, small incision approach to pterygium surgery. Br J Ophthalmol2004; 88: 911–914. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Celik T. In situ blood coagulum versus sutures for autograft fixation after pterygium excision. Curr Eye Res2018; 43: 977–980. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Choudhury S, Dutta J, Mukhopadhyay S, et al. Comparison of autologous in situ blood coagulum versus sutures for conjunctival autografting after pterygium excision. Int Ophthalmol2014; 34: 41–48. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Kumar S, Singh R. Pterygium excision and conjunctival autograft: a comparative study of techniques. Oman J Ophthalmol2018; 11: 124–128. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Kim JC, Tseng SC. The effects on inhibition of corneal neovascularization after human amniotic membrane transplantation in severely damaged rabbit corneas. Korean J Ophthalmol1995; 9: 32–46. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Tananuvat N, Martin T. The results of amniotic membrane transplantation for primary pterygium compared with conjunctival autograft. Cornea2004; 23: 458–463. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Ma DH, See LC, Hwang YS, et al. Comparison of amniotic membrane graft alone or combined with intraoperative mitomycin C to prevent recurrence after excision of recurrent pterygia. Cornea2005; 24: 141–150. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Chen R, Huang G, Liu S, et al. Limbal conjunctival versus amniotic membrane in the intraoperative application of mitomycin C for recurrent pterygium: a randomized controlled trial. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol2017; 255: 375–385. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Ucar F, Cetinkaya S. The results of preoperative topical brimonidine usage in pterygium surgery. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther2020; 36: 234–237. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Hayasaka S, Noda S, Yamamoto Y, et al. Postoperative instillation of low-dose mitomycin C in the treatment of primary pterygium. Am J Ophthalmol1988; 106: 715–718. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Sun Y, Zhang B, Jia X, et al. Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab in the treatment of pterygium: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Ophthalmol2018; 2018: 4598173. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Zhang Q, Bao N, Liang K, et al. Adjuvant use of Cyclosporine A in the treatment of primary pterygium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cornea2018; 37: 1000–1007. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Treatments

  1.  Tollefsbol, Trygve (2016). Medical Epigenetics. Academic Press. p. 395. ISBN 9780128032404Archived from the original on 22 October 2016.
  2. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q “Facts About the Cornea and Corneal Disease | National Eye Institute”. The National Eye Institute (NEI). May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  3. Jump up to:a b c Yanoff, Myron; Duker, Jay S. (2009). Ophthalmology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 364. ISBN 978-0323043328Archived from the original on 16 April 2017.
  4. Jump up to:a b Anguria, P; Kitinya, J; Ntuli, S; Carmichael, T (2014). “The role of heredity in pterygium development”International Journal of Ophthalmology7 (3): 563–73. doi:10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.03.31PMC 4067677PMID 24967209.
  5. Jump up to:a b c Smolin, Gilbert; Foster, Charles Stephen; Azar, Dimitri T.; Dohlman, Claes H. (2005). Smolin and Thoft’s The Cornea: Scientific Foundations and Clinical Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1003, 1005. ISBN 9780781742061Archived from the original on 16 April 2017.
  6. Jump up to:a b c Halperin, Edward C.; Perez, Carlos A.; Brady, Luther W. (2008). Perez and Brady’s Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 778. ISBN 9780781763691Archived from the original on 16 April 2017.
  7. Jump up to:a b c d Droutsas, K; Sekundo, W (June 2010). “[Epidemiology of pterygium. A review]”. Der Ophthalmologe: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft (in German). 107 (6): 511–2, 514–6. doi:10.1007/s00347-009-2101-3PMID 20393731S2CID 12077189.
  8. ^ Saw, SM; Tan, D (September 1999). “Pterygium: prevalence, demography and risk factors”. Ophthalmic Epidemiology6 (3): 219–28. doi:10.1076/opep.6.3.219.1504PMID 10487976.
  9. Jump up to:a b Coroneo, MT (November 1993). “Pterygium as an early indicator of ultraviolet insolation: a hypothesis”Br J Ophthalmol77 (11): 734–9. doi:10.1136/bjo.77.11.734PMC 504636PMID 8280691.
  10. Jump up to:a b Kunimoto, Derek; Kunal Kanitkar; Mary Makar (2004). The Wills eye manual: office and emergency room diagnosis and treatment of eye disease (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0781742078.
  11. ^ Fisher, J.P.; Trattler, W.B. (12 January 2009). “Pterygium”Archived from the original on 17 March 2010.
  12. ^ Klintworth, G; Cummings, T (26 August 2009). “24; The eye and ocular adnexa”. In Stacey, Mills (ed.). Sternberg’s Diagnostic Surgical Pathology (5th ed.). ISBN 978-0-7817-7942-5.
  13. ^ “Paramount Books Online Bookstore 9789696370017: Concise-Ophthalmology-(pb)-2014”Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  14. ^ Gulani, A; Dastur, YK (January–March 1995). “Simultaneous pterygium and cataract surgery”Journal of Postgraduate Medicine41 (1): 8–11. PMID 10740692Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  15. ^ “Pterygium: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia”medlineplus.govArchived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  16. ^ “Pterygium Workup: Imaging Studies, Procedures”emedicine.medscape.comArchived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  17. ^ “Pinguecula – EyeWiki”eyewiki.aao.org.
  18. Jump up to:a b John F, Salmon (13 December 2019). “Conjunctiva”. Kanski’s clinical ophthalmology: a systematic approach (9th ed.). Elsevier. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-7020-7711-
  19. ^ Mackenzie F.D., Hirst L.W., Battistutta D., Green A. (1992). “Risk Analysis in the Development of Pterygia”. Ophthalmology99 (7): 1056–1061. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31850-0PMID 1495784.
  20. ^ Lee G.A., Hirst L.W., Sheehan M. (1994). “1994 Knowledge of Sunlight Effects on the Eyes and Protective Behaviours in the General Community”Ophthalmic Epidemiology1 (2): 67–84. doi:10.3109/09286589409052363PMID 8790614S2CID 22382822.
  21. ^ Lee G., Hirst L.W., Sheehan M. (1999). “1999 Knowledge of Sunlight effects on the eyes and protective behaviors in adolescents”. Ophthalmic Epidemiology6 (3): 171–180. doi:10.1076/opep.6.3.171.1501PMID 10487972.
  22. ^ Martins, TG; Costa, AL; Alves, MR; Chammas, R; Schor, P (2016). “Mitomycin C in pterygium treatment”International Journal of Ophthalmology9 (3): 465–8. doi:10.18240/ijo.2016.03.25PMC 4844053PMID 27158622.
  23. Jump up to:a b c Clearfield E, Muthappan V, Wang X, Kuo IC (2016). “Conjunctival autograft for pterygium”Cochrane Database Syst Rev2016 (2): CD011349. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011349.pub2PMC 5032146PMID 26867004.
  24. ^ Ali, AM; Thariat, J; Bensadoun, RJ; Thyss, A; Rostom, Y; El-Haddad, S; Gérard, JP (April 2011). “The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of pterygium: a review of the literature including more than 6000 treated lesions”. Cancer/Radiothérapie15 (2): 140–7. doi:10.1016/j.canrad.2010.03.020PMID 20674450.
  25. ^ Myron, Yanoff; Jay S., Duker (2019). “Cornea and ocular surface diseases”. Ophthalmology (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. p. 310. ISBN 978-0-323-52821-4OCLC 1051774434.
  26. ^ Gulani AC (2007). “Corneoplastique”. Techniques in Ophthalmology5 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1097/ito.0b013e318036ae0d.
  27. ^ Gulani AC. “Corneoplastique”, Video Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. Volume XXII. Issue 3, 2006.
  28. ^ Gulani AC (2006). “A New Concept for Refractive Surgery”. Ophthalmology Management10 (4): 57–63.
  29. ^ Prabhasawat P, Barton K, Burkett G, Tseng SC (June 1997). “Comparison of conjunctival autografts, amniotic membrane grafts, and primary closure for pterygium excision”Ophthalmology104 (6): 974–85. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(97)30197-3PMID 9186439.
  30. Review. Surv Ophthalmol2018 Sep-Oct;63(5):719-735. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.03.001. Epub 2018 Mar 16.
  31. Prevalence and risk factors of pterygium: a systematic review and meta-analysis Farhad Rezvan 1Mehdi Khabazkhoob 2Elham Hooshmand 3Abbasali Yekta 4Mohammad Saatchi 4Hassan Hashemi 5

FIND OUT HOW YOU CAN START
PROTECTING YOUR EYES TODAY

CONTACT US TODAY